H-NS Regulation of IraD and IraM Antiadaptors for Control of RpoS Degradation

International audienceRpoS, the master sigma factor during stationary phase and under a variety of stress conditions, is regulated at multiple levels, including regulated degradation. Degradation is dependent upon ClpXP and the RssB adaptor protein. H-NS, a nucleoid-associated protein, affects the regulated degradation of RpoS; in the absence of H-NS, RpoS is stable. The mechanisms involved in this regulation were not known. We have found that H-NS inhibits the expression of iraD and iraM, the genes coding for two antiadaptor proteins that stabilize RpoS when overexpressed. The regulation by H-NS of iraM is independent from the previously demonstrated regulation by the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system. Moreover, differences in the behavior of several hns alleles are explained by a role for StpA, an H-NS-like protein, in the regulation of RpoS stability. This finding parallels recent observations for a role of StpA in regulation of RpoS stability in Salmonella

Visualizing neuroinflammation with fluorescence and luminescent lanthanide-based in situ hybridization

© 2019 The Author(s). Background: Neurokine signaling via the release of neurally active cytokines arises from glial reactivity and is mechanistically implicated in central nervous system (CNS) pathologies such as chronic pain, trauma, neurodegenerative diseases, and complex psychiatric illnesses. Despite significant advancements in the methodologies used to conjugate, incorporate, and visualize fluorescent molecules, imaging of rare yet high potency events within the CNS is restricted by the low signal to noise ratio experienced within the CNS. The brain and spinal cord have high cellular autofluorescence, making the imaging of critical neurokine signaling and permissive transcriptional cellular events unreliable and difficult in many cases. Methods: In this manuscript, we developed a method for background-free imaging of the transcriptional events that precede neurokine signaling using targeted mRNA transcripts labeled with luminescent lanthanide chelates and imaged via time-gated microscopy. To provide examples of the usefulness this method can offer to the field, the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was visualized with traditional fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) or luminescent lanthanide chelate-based in situ hybridization (LISH) in mouse BV2 microglia or J774 macrophage phenotype cells following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. TLR4 mRNA staining using LISH- and FISH-based methods was also visualized in fixed spinal cord tissues from BALB/c mice with a chronic constriction model of neuropathic pain or a surgical sham model in order to demonstrate the application of this new methodology in CNS tissue samples. Results: Significant increases in TLR4 mRNA expression and autofluorescence were visualized over time in mouse BV2 microglia or mouse J774 macrophage phenotype cells following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. When imaged in a background-free environment with LISH-based detection and time-gated microscopy, increased TLR4 mRNA was observed in BV2 microglia cells 4 h following LPS stimulation, which returned to near baseline levels by 24 h. Background-free imaging of mouse spinal cord tissues with LISH-based detection and time-gated microscopy demonstrated a high degree of regional TLR4 mRNA expression in BALB/c mice with a chronic constriction model of neuropathic pain compared to the surgical sham model. Conclusions: Advantages offered by adopting this novel methodology for visualizing neurokine signaling with time-gated microscopy compared to traditional fluorescent microscopy are provided

Demography and disorders of the French Bulldog population under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013

Abstract Background Despite its Gallic name, the French Bulldog is a breed of both British and French origin that was first recognised by The Kennel Club in 1906. The French Bulldog has demonstrated recent rapid rises in Kennel Club registrations and is now (2017) the second most commonly registered pedigree breed in the UK. However, the breed has been reported to be predisposed to several disorders including ocular, respiratory, neurological and dermatological problems. The VetCompass™ Programme collates de-identified clinical data from primary-care veterinary practices in the UK for epidemiological research. Using VetCompass™ clinical data, this study aimed to characterise the demography and common disorders of the general population of French Bulldogs under veterinary care in the UK. Results French Bulldogs comprised 2228 (0.49%) of 445,557 study dogs under veterinary care during 2013. Annual proportional birth rates showed that the proportional ownership of French Bulldog puppies rose steeply from 0.02% of the annual birth cohort attending VetCompass™ practices in 2003 to 1.46% in 2013. The median age of the French Bulldogs overall was 1.3 years (IQR 0.6–2.5, range 0.0–13.0). The most common colours of French Bulldogs were brindle (solid or main) (32.36%) and fawn (solid or main) (29.9%). Of the 2228 French Bulldogs under veterinary care during 2013, 1612 (72.4%) had at least one disorder recorded. The most prevalent fine-level precision disorders recorded were otitis externa (14.0%, 95% CI: 12.6–15.5), diarrhoea (7.5%, 95% CI: 6.4–8.7), conjunctivitis (3.2%, 95% CI: 2.5–4.0), nails overlong (3.1%, 95% CI% 2.4–3.9) and skin fold dermatitis (3.0%, 95% CI% 2.3–3.8). The most prevalent disorder groups were cutaneous (17.9%, 95% CI: 16.3–19.6), enteropathy (16.7%, 95% CI: 15.2–18.3), aural (16.3%, 95% CI: 14.8–17.9), upper respiratory tract (12.7%, 95% CI: 11.3–14.1) and ophthalmological (10.5%, 95% CI: 9.3–11.9). Conclusions Ownership of French Bulldogs in the UK is rising steeply. This means that the disorder profiles reported in this study reflect a current young UK population and are likely to shift as this cohort ages. Otitis externa, diarrhoea and conjunctivitis were the most common disorders in French Bulldogs. Identification of health priorities based on VetCompass™ data can support evidence–based reforms to improve health and welfare within the breed

Identificação dos fatores de riscos do ecossistema na maternidade por meio de análise de correspondência. I. Diarréias.

Na suinocultura intensiva as doenças são causa de prejuízo. Estas doenças tem origem multifatoriais inter-relacionadas e de etiologia complexa, podendo no entanto serem compreendidas por meios de estudos ectopatológicos.Resumo

Dinâmica de decomposição de palhada de cana-de-açúcar.

Resumo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica da decomposição de diferentes níveis de palhada de cana-de-açúcar mantidas sobre a superfície do solo, durante um ciclo de cultivo. O ensaio foi instalado na safra 2011-2012 em área de terceiro corte da variedade RB-845210, cultivada no município de Araras - SP. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os níveis de palha deixados sobre a superfície do solo após a colheita, sendo: 25% - 50% - 75% - 100% (2,8 - 5,7 - 8,5 -11,3 t ha-1 em base seca) dispostos em blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. Foi utilizado o método dos "litter bags", nas dimensões 0,75 m x 0,50 m, com malha 0,015 m. Para o acompanhamento da dinâmica, foram coletadas amostras aos 42, 106, 162 e 225 dias após a instalação, as quais foram limpas e secas em estufa à 65°C, até peso constante. O cálculo das taxas de decomposição (%) foi realizado por diferença de massa, extrapolado para a área. Não foi observada diferença significativa para a interação entre Níveis de Palhada e Períodos de Decomposição, apenas para os fatores analisados individualmente. Conclui-se que há uma relação linear entre quantidade de palhada e sua degradação em campo até 225 dias do ciclo da cultura, sendo maior a velocidade de decomposição nos primeiros dias do ciclo

On twisted Fourier analysis and convergence of Fourier series on discrete groups

We study norm convergence and summability of Fourier series in the setting of reduced twisted group $C^*$-algebras of discrete groups. For amenable groups, F{\o}lner nets give the key to Fej\'er summation. We show that Abel-Poisson summation holds for a large class of groups, including e.g. all Coxeter groups and all Gromov hyperbolic groups. As a tool in our presentation, we introduce notions of polynomial and subexponential H-growth for countable groups w.r.t. proper scale functions, usually chosen as length functions. These coincide with the classical notions of growth in the case of amenable groups.Comment: 35 pages; abridged, revised and update

Manutenção em campo de níveis variados de palhada de cana-de-açúcar: efeitos sobre o acúmulo de nitrogênio nas plantas.

Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a contribuição de diferentes níveis de palhada sobre o acumulo de nitrogênio na cana-de-açúcar. O ensaio foi instalado em Araras-SP, durante as safras de 2011-12 e 2012-13 (variedade RB-845210). Foram aplicados cinco tratamentos, com níveis de 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100% (0 - 2,8- 5,7- 8,5 -11,3 t ha-1 safra 2011-12) (0 - 3 - 6,2 - 9,4 - 12,8 t ha-1 safra 2012-13) dispostos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Para acompanhar o acumulo de N nos diferentes compartimentos da planta (folhas verdes, folhas secas e colmo) de cana-de-açúcar foram utilizados os dados de massa seca (kg ha-1) e concentrações de N (g kg-1) de cada um destes componentes, obtidos em biometrias realizadas ao longo dos dois ciclos de cultivos estudados. Utilizou-se a análise de variância e regressão para o tratamento estatístico dos resultados. Foi possível concluir que: a manutenção de quantidades de palhada entre 5-12 t ha-1 promovem o mesmo acúmulo de nitrogênio no colmo em relação à ausência deste resíduo (sem palhada) somente após dois ciclos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar; sendo que no primeiro ciclo há superioridade do tratamento sem palhada apenas sobre o maior nível deste resíduo; não há uma tendência consistente para o acúmulo de nitrogênio para as folhas verdes e secas em função de diferentes aportes de palhada sobre o solo. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of different levels of straw on the accumulation of nitrogen in sugarcane. The trial was conducted at the harvests of 2011-12 and 2012-13 in Araras-SP, using the RB-845210 variety. There were tested five levels of straw (0% - 25% - 50% - 75% - 100%), related with 2,8 - 5,7 - 8,5 -11,3 t ha -1 ( 2011-12) and 3,0 ? 6,2 ? 9,4 ? 12,8 t ha -1 (2012-13), that were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. To determine N accumulation in sugarcane there was used dry mass (kg ha -1 ) and N concentrations (g kg -1 ) of stalk, green and dry leaves, obtained by biometry evaluations realized during the two ratoons. Variance analyses and regressions were used as statistic tool. It is possible to conclude that after two cycles of sugarcane the inputs of 5-12 t ha -1 of straw by harvest has the same contribution for nitrogen stalk accumulation than traits without straw; although in the first cycle the trait without straw is superior than the higher level of this residue. About green and dry leaves there is no tendency for the nitrogen accumulation for the input of different levels of straw in soil

Emissão de N2O e de CO2 em cultivo de cana-de-açúcar em função da presença de palha sobre o solo.

RESUMO: O objetivo foi avaliar as emissões de N2O e CO2 no cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, em função da presença de diferentes níveis de palha sobre o solo, relacionando com a adubação nitrogenada. Para isto, foram avaliados os tratamento sem e com a adição de 12,8 t ha-1 de palha de cana-de-açúcar sobre o solo. O experimento instalado com delineamento de blocos ao acaso e parcelas de 60m2 foram adubadas com 100 kg de N ha-1 (nitrato de amônio). Os fluxos de CO2 e N2O foram amostrados a partir do 1° ao 46° dia após a aplicação do fertilizante em intervalos de um dia entre as coletas, entre os meses de dezembro a janeiro de 2013. As amostras foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. Observou-se maior fluxo de N-N2O nos primeiros 15-20 dias após a adubação, no tratamento com presença de palha o fluxo de N foi de 53,54 mg N m-2 dia-1 e o tratamento sem palha foi de 5,20 mg N m-2 dia-1. Já o maior fluxo de CO2 foi de 11,33 g m2 dia-1 para o tratamento com palha e 9,66 g m2 dia-1 para o tratamento sem palha